The goal of the present study is to evaluate the histological effect of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the liver and buccal mucosa in mice. After acclimatization to the laboratory conditions, Twenty-four mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and housed as eight animals/cage, and each group was treated as follows: Group A: this served as a control group and was given daily olive oil orally. Group B and C were given once daily CoQ10 in dose (100mg /kg) and (200mg/kg) respectively. All groups were treated for 15 days and at the last of the experiment, all animals of each group were sacrificed and liver in addition to buccal mucosa was excised and placed in 10% buffered formalin for histological examination. In CoQ10 treated groups a normal histological structure similar to control group in liver and buccal mucosa sections were noticed at the CoQ10 (100mg/kg) group while mild histological changes were noticed at the CoQ10 (200mg/kg) group included slightly congested portal vein and sinusoids, mild centric lobular vacuolar swelling in the hepatic lobule and buccal mucosa sections showed normal structure as control group. CoQ10 at a dose (100mg/kg) not produce any histological changes in the liver and buccal mucosa in mice but when increasing the dose to (200mg/kg) produce mild histological changes in liver but not in the buccal mucosa.

The standard serological test such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) is routinely used for the diagnosis of brucellosis. This test depends on the agglutination of colored particulate antigen (killed Brucella organisms) by the antibodies present in sera of infected animals. Faulty negative and positive results are commonly experienced in these traditional agglutination tests. We developed three simple, new, additional and cost-effective steps that can help in these problems; the Superagglutination test for serodiagnosis of brucellosis differs from conventional RBPT by three simple new and coast effective additional steps which are used to overcome this problem. These steps depend on the staining of sera antibodies by adding dye before the test and addition of diluted biotinylated antiglobulin and Avidin in sequence then mixing the antigen with the stained serum. By testing 150 serum samples, the Superagglutination test had higher positive predictive value and specificity than RBPT and standard tube agglutination test (STAT). Also, it had higher negative predictive value and sensitivity than RBPT, STAT, ELISA (Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and CFT (Complement Fixation test).

Spirulina "Superfood" is the common name of blue-green microalgae, which have a spiral cellular structure belonging to two genera Spirulina and Arthrospira which consist of (55-70% dry weight) protein, (5-6%) lipid, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and pigments. According to FDA Spirulina is approved and safe to be employed as a food additive. Ten kg of fresh minced meat was purchased from different retail markets within Ismailia province, mixed thoroughly with common salt and divided into seven portions; control, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3% and 5% concentrations of added Spirulina platensis powder. About 500g from control and treated samples were formed into small meatballs, refrigerated at 4oC and examined for sensory and bacteriological evaluation at (zero, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 days) of storage. The results of this study showed that the addition of Spirulina platensis had an adverse effect on the colour of both raw and cooked meatball samples, but gave an acceptable smell. Consistency of raw meatball samples was acceptable at different concentrations of Spirulina platensis, while it was mildly affected in cooked meatball samples especially at 5% concentration. The Taste of cooked meatball samples was not affected by the addition of different concentrations of Spirulina platensis. The obtained results revealed that the addition Spirulina platensis has the ability to reduce the growth of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.

Lumpy skin disease is an infectious, eruptive disease that affected the different animal species, especially cattle . The causing virus is a member of the poxviridae family with Neethling strain. Transmission of the disease occurs by insect vectors and the most effective mean of control is by vaccination. The disease characterized by viremia, nodules on the skin, sit-fast formation, weight loss, emaciation, and reduction in milk and meat production. During the past five years, lumpy skin disease has spread through the Middle East into the southeast, Europe, Russia, western Asia, and the Caucasus, nowadays LSD causing high morbidity and mortality rate in different epizootic sides; the morbidity and mortality of LSD range between 3-85 and 1-40 % this is due to genetic differences in lives stock resulting in varying susceptibility to the disease.

This study aimed to assess the toxicity and severity of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) in the tissues of gills. Therefore, carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) were subjected to sub-lethal concentration of (ZnO-NPs) 9mg/l for periods of (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42) days that led to a histopathological and ultrastructural alteration in gills tissue. Microscopic examination showed the occurrence of bleeding and the pyramidal form (clump shape) of the epithelial cells lining the secondary gill filament after the lapse of 7 and 14 days after the treatment, and hyperplasia in mucus cells with hypertrophy of pillar cells at 28 days of treatment. At day 42, the lesions were characterized by basement thickening in the secondary gill filament with edema and vacuolar degeneration of pillar cells. While ultrastructural examination showed the presence of cloudy swelling of chloride cells and condensation of micro organelles at seven days of exposure increased with increasing duration of exposure and, therefore, at day 14 of exposure to the (ZnO-NPs). The electron microscope examination showed a thickening of blood vessels wall, hyperplasia of mucous cells with vacuolar degeneration of chloride cells. Ultra-structural changes in gills tissue of fish that exposed to N-ZnO for 42 days revealed microvilli and adhesion of micro ridge with degeneration of epithelial cells lining the secondary gill filaments. In conclusion, ZnO-NPs are toxic in a concentration of 9mg/l in a common carp (Cyprinus carpio), that lead to histopathological and ultra-structure alteration in gills and there was a positive relationship between the severity of lesions and time of exposure (7, 14, 21, 28,35 and42) days.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an acute infectious zoonotic arthropod-born viral disease, affecting many species of animals and it causes great economic losses in animal wealth and has a zoonotic implication. Eradication of mosquito and vaccination is an important and best method for preventing and controlling the disease. This study was applied for the preparation and evaluation of Rift Valley Fever inactivated vaccine in a lyophilized form that is reconstituted at the time of inoculation using saponin that acts as an adjuvant. The prepared vaccine was proved to be sterile and safe. ED50 Potency test of the prepared vaccine in mice gave 0.0010 ED50/ML (permissible limit less than 0.02/ml). Sheep were vaccinated with 1ml S\C of the prepared lyophilized inactivated RVF vaccine and another group was vaccinated S|C with 1ml of Aluminum hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine. The immune response of different vaccinated sheep groups was evaluated using SNT and ELISA. The Prepared lyophilized inactivated RVF vaccine gave protective NI at the second-week post-vaccination (2.1 and 0.286 OD) , then reach to peak at the 4th week (3.28 and 0.343OD) then began to decline till ten months (1.8 and 0.241 OD), while the Aluminum hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine gave protective NI at the second-week post-vaccination (1.7 and 0.277 OD) then reach to its NI peak at the 4th week (3.13 and 0.312 OD) then began to decline till ten months (1.73 and 0.228 OD). From the obtained results, it was found that the prepared lyophilized inactivated RVF vaccine was safe, potent and gave approximately similar immune response as aluminum hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine but it is better as it reduces time and effort consuming during vaccine production.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of continuous treatment with the anti-thyroid drug, propylthiouracil (PTU), on renal and hepatic functions in rabbits as an experimental animal model. Animals were randomly divided into four different isolated groups (n = 10); Group I received normal saline. Group II, III, and IV were daily administrated with PTU in oral dosing of 50, 75, and 150 mg/kg, BWT, respectively, for three successive weeks. Serum T3 and T4 levels were measured in all groups. Increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels (P<0.05) were also associated. Moreover, liver enzymes levels, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total serum cholesterol levels showed a significant increase in a dose and time decedent manner. Thyroid glands of PTU-treated rabbits showed variable sized-follicles lined by multiple layers of follicular cells, which displayed signs of hyperactivity as the average follicular cell height. The diameter of its width was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. Besides, follicles were filled with a variable quantity of low-dense vacuolated colloids. Kidneys of such animals showed tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerular atrophy, and multiple focal areas of mononuclear cell reaction. While the observed hepatic lesions were in the form of severe congestion in central vein and hepatic artery, hepatocellular necrosis, and granulocytic lymphoid cellular responses around portal areas associated with peri-portal fibrosis. Such lesions were dependent on doses of PTU. This study referred to that continuous treatment with an antithyroid drug PTU induced a hypothyroid state that was associated with impaired renal and hepatic functions in rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrasound and histopathological findings in comparison with the bacteriological examination to help in prognosis decision for udder alteration occurred by different cause and forms of mastitis. 40 Egyptian Baladi female goats (does) were examined for detection of mastitis during lactation period by clinical and laboratory examination include inspection, CMT, ultrasonography, pathological and bacteriology examination accompanied with antimicrobial susceptibility for isolated microorganisms (M.O.) for detection of udder alterations due to mastitis The results revealed the prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis was 25% and 12.5% respectively. 30% of the isolates were coagulase-negative Staph. (CNS), while S. aureus and Strep. Spp. were 25% for each and E.coli represent 10% in subclinical milk samples, although these M.O. represented 40%, 30%,10% and 0% respectively in clinical milk samples. Ultrasonography of the parenchyma of healthy mammary gland appeared as a homogenous structure of average echogenicity filled with anechogenic content (milk). In contrast, the characteristic changes that occurred during all different mastitis phases in the mammary glandular parenchyma, teat and the milk appeared with different echogenicity. Histopathological features of tissue samples obtained by surgical biopsy technique described some different characteristic features of chronic, diffused interstitial mastitis lesions compatible with a longstanding subclinical infection. All forms of mastitis require microbiological confirmation for definitive diagnosis. Ultrasonography and histopathology give a clear prognosis for the status of the udder to minimize the impact of it.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is known to cause reproductive disorders in Sudanese camels. Egypt imports about 90% of its camels from Sudan, and the rest from Somalia. The BoHV1 is a viral disease of bovines that can be transmitted to camel, sheep, and goat. Due to the absence of anti-camel conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in the market, we used protein-A conjugated with FITC which binds to the Fc region of IgG of many animal species. We, therefore, prepared rabbit anti-camel IgG conjugated with FITC and compared it with protein-A conjugated with FITC to the specificity and sensitivity of these compounds in IBR detection from 35 nasal swaps in imported Egyptian dromedary camels. The sensitivity and specificity of the prepared anti-camel IgG FITC and protein-A FITC were compared using Virus Neutralization Test. The labeled protein concentration in the prepared anti-camel conjugate was 2 mg/ml which was considered as an acceptable value. The degree of labeled protein (DOL) was 5.74 cm–1M–1 and optimal DOL usually fell between 2 and 10. The titer of the prepared anti-camel IgG-FITC was 3,125. The prepared anticamel IgG–FITC and protein-A-FITC showed a sensitivity of 93.75 and 90.9%, and a specificity of 71.43% and 62.5%, respectively. Our findings show no significant difference between protein-A conjugated FITC and prepared anti-camel IgG-conjugated FITC in the rapid diagnosis of BoHV-1 in Egyptian dromedary camels.

A total of 150 pigeons of 45 days old was used and divided into three groups; the first one was vaccinated with tissue culture adapted pigeon pox vaccine (TCAPPV), and the second was vaccinated with egg adapted pigeon pox vaccine (EAPPV) and the third as a non-vaccinated control group. Birds were observed for ten days post-vaccination (DPV) for the presence of takes. Cellular immunity was detected by lymphocyte proliferation assay on the whole blood for 21 DPV, and serum samples were collected weekly. The level of induced antibodies was detected by the neutralization test for six months post-vaccination. Twenty pigeons of each group were challenged by virulent pp virus at 28th DPV Takes were recognized at the site of vaccination at 4thDPV and increased to the maximum at7th DPV to reach 90% for TCAPPV and 98% for EAPPV. The peak of the cellular immunity by lymphocyte proliferation assay was at the 12thDPV when TCAPPV recorded 1.534 and EAPPV 2.037. Protection was 90% for TCAPPV and 100% for EAPPV. The peak of neutralizing index (NI) at 35thD.P.V for both vaccinated groups; It was 2.75 for TCAPPV and 3.25 for EAPPV. Both vaccines are still potent to the end of examination at the 6thmonth when NI was 1.5 for TCAPPV and 2.0 for EAPPV. This result shows that both eggs adapted PP and tissue culture PP vaccines are efficient in the protection of pigeons in Egypt despite the egg adapted vaccine is more preferable.

This study was carried out on 30 mature male albino rats (2 months old, weighed about 130 g) in 3 groups of ten rats for each one in ARC. Group I, kept as control. Group II, daily intubated with CPF, at a dose level of 10.6 mg/kg BW in corn oil. Group III, daily intubated with CPF at a dose level of 10.6 mg/kg BW, zinc at a dose level of 227 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at a dose level of 75 mg/kg BW for 50 days equivalent to one spermatogenic cycle in rats. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to take blood, semen and tissue specimens. Histopathologically, the testes and epididymis showed moderate degeneration and thickening of the tubular membrane with interstitial oedema in the CPF intoxicated group. These changes were ameliorated in the rats of group III. The semen analysis is aggressively badly affected in the CPF intoxicated group in comparison with the control group and improved in rats of group III. Testosterone hormone levels were assayed with ELISA technique as 3.871±0.31 ng/ml, 1.112±0.82 ng/ml, and 2.503±0.25 ng/ml in control, CPF, CPF plus vitamin E and Zn groups, respectively. Moreover, the DNA integrity of spermatozoa in the CPF group was severely affected in comparison with either the control group and group III.

Control of avian influenza infection depends mainly on biosafety measures and vaccination, DNA vaccination is a novel method to generate antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity. In the current study, a DNA vaccine for full-length N1 gene was developed in a trial to decrease the severity of avian influenza virus spread and shedding. Full-length N1 gene was cloned in entry clone pENTER SD/TOPO, followed by homologous recombination with the destination mammalian expression vector (PDEST 40). The PDEST 40-N1 was used in the immunization of SPF chickens. Potency was evaluated through the survival rate that reaches 65%, which was far less than the commercially available inactivated vaccine. Meanwhile, the shedding of the virus from dead birds was 0.46 Log 10 EID50. At the same time, the most surprising result was the shedding level of the vaccinated live birds that were zero shedding ;on the other hand, the inactivated vaccine could not reduce the shedding level which remains very high (3.2 Log 10 EID50 ). IFN-? transcript level in the DNA vaccinated group was detected by the 3rd-day post-vaccination and remained upregulated till the 28th post-vaccination. After the challenge, the level of IFN-? was much higher until 14 days post-challenge. The inactivated vaccine could not stimulate any detectable level post-vaccination. These data suggested the ability of DNA vaccine coding for N1 gene of avian influenza to combat the virus shedding from live birds and could be used in combination with DNA vaccine coding for H5 to produce maximum protection with zero shedding.